Buddhism in Japan from Prehistoric to Kamakura Period

Buddhism in Japan might have been brought by early merchants traveling the Silk Road from India, to China, to Korea and to Japan. Because of the constant interaction between these countries, many Buddhist teachings and practices, particularly the Mahayana Buddhism, together with some Chinese cultural traditions became integrated with Japan’s own cultural development.At first, conflicts with Shinto belief caused delay in the spread of the Buddhist religion. Ancient Japanese people regarded Buddha as one of the kamis yet many were attracted to the beauty of its arts and the promises of concrete benefits such as â€Å"wealth and longevity†. As time went on, more and more people recognized that Buddhism has its own belief that was thought to be complementary with the existing Shinto religion, Japan’s native religion.During the Nara period, some Buddhist monasteries built around the capital Nara gained political influence in the ruling government. Because of this ambi tious and militant movement of monasteries, the government was forced to move the capital from Nara to Nagaoka (784AD) and then to Kyoto (794AD). This issue remained a problem for many centuries in the Japanese history. During the Heian Period (794-1185), many sects were grabbing popular attention over the Japanese population.These sects presented Buddhism in a way that best suited the ancient Japanese culture and tradition as seen from these three sects: Shingon sect (774-835AD) by Kukai; True Pure Land Sect (1173-1262) by Shinran; and, Lotus Hokke or Nichiren Sect (1222-1282) founded by Nichiren. The acceptance of Buddhism can be attributed from the works of these sects, which still have millions of followers as of today. In conclusion, Buddhism in Japan became popular since its core practices and teachings were complementary with Shinto religion as shown by popular Buddhist sects named above.References (â€Å"Buddhism in Japan†; , â€Å"Japanese Buddhism†, 2004; , à ¢â‚¬Å"A View on Buddhism: History of Japanese Buddhism†) Buddhism in Japan. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 6, 2007, from http://afe. easia. columbia. edu/japan/japanworkbook/religion/jbuddhis. html Japanese Buddhism. (2004). Retrieved April 6, 2007, from http://www. japan-guide. com/e/e2055. html A View on Buddhism: History of Japanese Buddhism. (November 30, 2006). Retrieved April 6, 2007, from http://buddhism. kalachakranet. org/history_japanese_buddhism. html

Psy 250

Biological and humanistic approaches to personality Jonathan G. Castro PSY 250 October 17, 2012 Andrew R. Moskowitz Biological and humanistic approaches to personality In our world there are different types of people with different types of personalities. There are many way to describe where they came from through biological or humanistic theories. In my paper I will describe biological factors that are influences to the formation to personality. I will agree to disagree with the theory of biology having an influence on personality. I will break down the basic aspects of humanistic personality theories.Last but not less I will express my opinion on biological and humanistic approach on personality are compatible. Biology revealed many aspects of how the human body works and what it needs to stay healthy. â€Å"In 1953 James D. Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA was structured as a double helix (Friedman & Schustack, 2009). This discovery was a huge accomplishment in the st udy of human biology. Charles Darwin took human biology a step further. Darwin used the fact that not one human being is the same to support his evolutionary personality theory.Darwin believes that humans are â€Å"people evolved directly from more primitive species (Friedman & Schustack, 2009). † For example, Brian G. Richmond and David S. Strait wrote an article called â€Å"Evidence that humans evolved from a knuckle-walking ancestor (Richmond and Strait, 2000). † This article explains that evidence has surfaced proving that humans could have once been gorillas. Psychiatrists’ who use the biological approach believe that your personality comes from your parents’ personalities. In other words, they believed your personality is genetic.When someone is born they have a strong foundation for certain personality. This is the belief we are all born with no personality and we learn what our personality is from our parents. Basically, it is saying that our per sonality is a learned behavior. It was theorized that â€Å"a natural selection has determined our personality† (Richmond and Strait 2000). We are not born with full fledge personalities when we come into the world. Instead, we are born with a temperament. This is susceptibility towards a certain personality. It does not mean that we keep the same personality all our lives. You can understand people’s temperament by watching children playing. They can be either inhibited or uninhibited. An inhibited child will seem withdrawn and a more of loaner and will watch the other children play instead of playing with the other children. An uninhibited child can start a conversation with another child and play along with the other children† (Richmond and Strait, 2000). A Darwinian approach to that idea would be that over time conditions in the environment caused some gorillas to no longer need to walk on their knuckles, no longer needed huge nostrils in their noses, and so on.Also in that group of gorillas it could have been a need for longer legs and slimmer body sizes for the sole purpose of survival. This, in turn, changed the way those gorillas behaved, furthermore, changing their personality, in which, the human being evolved. â€Å"It is important to note that unique results emerge when certain biological aspects of personality are combined with certain environments (Friedman & Schustack, 2009). † The same would go for two children raised by a quiet and withdrawn mother. The one child who inherits the mother’s introverted genes may grow to be like the mother.Whereas the outgoing child, may grow to be more family oriented focused on communicating with all family as a means of being more sociable. Raising those two children in a household with a more outgoing mother, could have caused a reverse outcome. Although this idea does seem to make sense Abraham Maslow believes in a humanistic approach to personality. The humanistic approach to personality focuses on the humanistic nature of the human being, in other words, the qualities of mankind that make humans different from animals.Humanistic people like Maslow believe that every human is born healthy, normal, and good. Maslow believed that all humans need to fulfill needs of human nature such as love, esteem, and self-fulfillment. Maslow believed that humans are like animals to a certain extent. In other words, humans need to feed themselves to survive, drink water to stay hydrated, and sleep to stay energized to survive another day. â€Å"Maslow argued that the correct social conditions are needed to encourage the highest level self-actualization†¦..We cannot usually fulfill our complete human potential and search for truth and beauty if we lack food, safety, love, and esteem (Friedman & Schustack, 2009). † The humanistic approach and the biological approach do have similarities, in which they agree that the human being has needs that should be fulfi lled but the two theories also have their differences. For instance, according to Friedman and Schustack the drive to grow and self-actualize is unlike the drives to satisfy hunger, thirst, or libido and thus relieve tension, in that it is not strictly necessary for survival.Maslow divided human needs into categories. These categories are physiological needs (basic biological necessities: food, water, sex, and shelter), safety needs (a sensibly predictable world), belongingness and love needs (psychologically intimate relations with other people), esteem needs (respect for oneself and for others), and self-actualization (peace with oneself) (Friedman & Schustack, 2009). Some psychologists, who believe in the humanistic approach to personality, do not question the realness of free will.Whereas psychologists who believe in the biological theory of personality, believe free will is not a real entity. Many modern biologists believe that humans are more intelligent than most animals but they do not believe that humans are at the top of the evolutionary tree. â€Å"Maslow and other humanistic psychologists were particularly irked by B. F. Skinner’s views of personality†¦ Skinner claimed to be studying human psychology by observing pigeons and laboratory rats (Friedman & Schustack, 2009). People who believe in the humanistic approach believe that no one is born in a way that hinders him or her from being a good person. People who believe in the biological approach to personality, express that a person cannot help what genes he or she are born with, therefore, cannot help being an angry person or mean spirited because he or she is born that way. The biological and humanistic approaches are just two of the six psychology approaches. The other four are psychoanalytic, trait, behavioral, and cognitive. These are the different approaches to the human personality.Each one describes how can we gain our personalities and what affects them. The approach used depe nds on the psychiatrists’ and the persons personalities. The effectiveness is determined by our personalities. I believe it is the psychiatrists’ responsibility to get to know the person to determine what approach will work best. In conclusion the humanistic approach to personality is somewhat similar to the biological approach to personality. I believe that personality is a formulation of humanistic and biological aspects that influence a person’s characteristics of his or her personality.I have gathered my own theory and have come to the conclusion that every person is a product of his or her own environment. References Friedman,H. S. & Schustack, M. W. (2009, July 15). Personality: Classic theories and Modern Research, Fourth Edition: Retrieved from University of Phoenix: https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/content/ebooklibrary2 Richmond, B. G & Strait, D. S. (2000, march). Nature: Evidence that humans evoled from a knuckle-walking ancestor, Nature volume 404:Retri eved from http://www. nature. com/biology/personality

Biology in Daphnia

Biology in Daphnia Essay Teachers Guide. qxd 25/1/08 8:00 Page 1 Teacher/Lecturer A1. 21L CORE Activity 1. 21 Does caffeine affect heart rate? Purpose †¢ †¢ To investigate the effect of caffeine on the heart rate of Daphnia (water fleas). To highlight experimental and investigative assessment objectives. Safety Any student known to suffer from photosensitive epilepsy should be warned before a stroboscopic light is used. Flickering lights in the range 5–30 Hz are thought to trigger seizures in sensitive individuals. Notes on the procedure The student sheet that accompanies this activity guides students through planning and writing up this investigation. After students plan the investigation their plans can then be discussed with the group. To support less able students, or to help with the organisation of practical work for a large group, students could be given the practical procedure at the end of these notes (see page 3). It provides a basic outline and will need to be read by students before starting the practical with decisions and modifications made as appropriate. The procedure is for a simple experiment; more able students could complete a more complex experiment using serial dilutions, with several Daphnia used at each concentration. Note that high concentrations of caffeine can be fatal for Daphnia. The Daphnia hearts are fairly easily seen but counting the number of beats can be difficult. Counting is easier if each heartbeat is recorded by tapping a pencil on a piece of paper and counting up the pencil marks after the specified time. In addition, cooling the Daphnia before the experiment may help slow their heart rate. An ICam above the eye-piece of the microscope to project an image of the slide onto a large screen may also help with counting. Foster, in the Journal of Biological Education (1997) 31, pp. 53–255, provides a method using a stroboscope to freeze the motion. Use of the stroboscope may overcome the problems of counting faster heart rates. However, we would not recommend this method. Positioning the light sources and strobe is tricky. It is very difficult to freeze the motion and viewing with a strobe light can cause eye strain and dizziness. A simpler approach is to count the rate at which the legs beat. This rate is proportional to the rate at which the heart beats. A dissecting microscope with a light source under the stage works well for this experiment. To prevent the Daphnia from overheating while on the microscope turn off the microscope light between observations and use a heat sink – a cavity tile filled with iced water placed on the microscope under the slide. Using pond water/Daphnia culture solution is recommended for both the control group and to dissolve the caffeine as this may give more valid results and be less stressful to the Daphnia. In distilled water the heart rate may rise due to lack of oxygen. Edexcel practical materials created by Salters-Nuffield Advanced Biology,  ©University of York Science Education Group. 1 Teachers Guide. qxd 5/1/08 8:00 Page 2 Teacher/Lecturer A1. 21L CORE Activity 1. 21 Does caffeine affect heart rate? In the trial of the experiment caffeine was used at 0. 1% and 0. 5% w/v with no ill effect. At 1% the Daphnia stopped swimming after 5 minutes. It is suggested that a ‘blind’ study is done. This means that the person counting the heart rate is unaware as to whether th e Daphnia is in water with or without caffeine. It has been shown that observer expectations influence the result. It is difficult to get clear-cut results from this experiment and significant differences between treatments may not be found. The sets of results below indicate the sorts of results that can be expected. It should be impressed upon students that it does not matter if they do not get differences between treatments. Indeed, the experiment provides plenty of opportunity to evaluate critically the technique used and really focus attention on the experimental skills aspect of this activity. Experiment 1 Daphnia were cooled on ice before the experiment. Beakers containing Daphnia in pond water were put on ice for about half an hour. This had the effect of slowing the heart rate and thus facilitating counting. The temperature of the pond water in which the Daphnia were swimming fell to about 5 oC. A single Daphnia was placed in a beaker containing test solution for 5 minutes: either pond water or pond water + 0. 5% caffeine. After the 5 minutes, the Daphnia (in a few drops of test solution) was transferred to the slide for measurement of heart rate. Each individual was counted for 4 _ 30 seconds. A blind counting method was used. Overall means: Caffeine – 173 beats per minute Control – 172 beats per minute There were no immediately observable ill effects of caffeine at this concentration (0. 5% w/v). Experiment 2 READ: Translation lost from the Novel to the Movies EssayThe experiment was conducted at room temperature. A single Daphnia was transferred to the slide. A paper towel was used to remove the pond water from the slide. A few drops of test solution – either pond water or pond water + 0. 5% caffeine – were dripped onto the Daphnia. The clock was started immediately and the heart rate recorded for 15 seconds at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 minutes. An ICam was used to facilitate counting. The results from the two experiments do not show that caffeine increases heart rate in Daphnia. Edexcel practical materials created by Salters-Nuffield Advanced Biology,  ©University of York Science Education Group. Teachers Guide. qxd 25/1/08 8:00 Page 3 Teacher/Lecturer A1. 21L CORE Activity 1. 21 Does caffeine affect heart rate? Table 1 Results for Experiment 1 Treatment Heart rate/beats 30 s-1 Trial 1 Trial 2 85 84 86 91 87 70 101 75 98 91 Trial 3 81 78 86 93 90 73 74 98 85 Trial 4 88 82 84 99 90 74 85 100 94 Mean 85 82 85 93 88 70 91 81 97 90 Mean for individual Beats min-1 Caffeine Caffeine Caffeine Caffeine Caffeine Control Control Control Control Control 87 83 84 89 86 62 81 88 93 89 170 164 170 186 176 140 182 162 194 180 Table 1 Results for Experiment 1 Source: Hardie and Tranter (1983) Biology Practicals: Teacher’s Guide Number of heartbeats in 15 seconds Length of time in solution/minutes Treatment Caffeine Caffeine Caffeine Caffeine Mean Control Control 2 49 54 54 59 54 57 58 4 53 54 59 65 58 55 60 6 49 57 55 64 56 59 54 8 44 51 61 68 56 50 58 10 48 55 64 62 57 58 60 3 Edexcel practical materials created by Salters-Nuffield Advanced Biology,  ©University of York Science Education Group. Teachers Guide. qxd 25/1/08 8:00 Page 4 Technician A1. 21L CORE Activity 1. 21 Does caffeine affect heart rate? Purpose To investigate the effect of caffeine on the heart rate of Daphnia (water fleas). This is an activity that students may plan themselves. There is also a support sheet giving a suggested method. The list below gives the apparatus and approximate quantities needed for the suggested method. However, students may ask for things outside of this list. Requirements per student or group of students Culture of Daphnia Notes †¢ Daphnia may be killed by chlorine in tap water. Any tap water used should be left to stand for 24 hours first to let the chlorine dissipate. †¢ Allow at least nine Daphnia per student or pair. They should be unharmed by the activity, but may need too long to recover after the caffeine to use the same one for different concentrations in the same practical. They can be bought from an aquarist or Blades Biological Supplies. †¢ To catch them use a plastic pipette with the tip cut off to make it wider. Goldfish enjoy disposing of Daphnia. †¢ This will stop them getting mixed up with the ‘fresh’ ones. †¢ Students can wash and reuse the slides if needed. Container for ‘used’ Daphnia 6 cavity slides Approximately 5 (0. 5%) cm3 caffeine solution †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Dissolve 0. 5 g caffeine in 100 cm3 water. Instant coffee can be used. Make up the solution with culture water or distilled water. Students will need to dilute this to make weaker solutions. If time is limited it may be easier to provide made-up solutions of 0. 25%. (Consult with the teacher/lecturer – they may prefer to use more concentrations, e. g. 0. 1%, 0. 2%, 0. 3%, 0. 4% if time permits. ) Cotton wool †¢ Students will only need a small amount – about as much as is in a single cotton wool ball will supply the whole class. They put a few strands on the slide to stop the Daphnia moving. 3 dropping pipettes 5–10 cm3 distilled water or water from the Daphnia culture Test tubes/small beakers Small measuring cylinder or 5 cm3 syringe Approximately 100 pond water cm3 distilled or †¢ For adding to the Daphnia during the experiment. For students to collect or mix their caffeine solutions in. They will need more if they are doing more concentrations. †¢ For making dilutions of caffeine solution. †¢ For making dilutions of caffeine solution. Amount required will depend on the dilutions made Stopclock Paper towels or filter paper Micros cope Stroboscope †¢ For use at low power. Some centres find that it is useful, if available, to use a microscope-mounted video camera to show students the heart. †¢ If this is available, it can be used to get a more accurate measure of how fast the heart is beating, but is not recommended. Safety Important! Stroboscopes can trigger epileptic fits in some people. Anyone known to be susceptible should be warned. Background lighting should be retained and exposure times minimised. Edexcel practical materials created by Salters-Nuffield Advanced Biology,  ©University of York Science Education Group. 4 Teachers Guide. qxd 25/1/08 8:00 Page 5 Student A1. 21L CORE Activity 1. 21 Does caffeine affect heart rate? Purpose To investigate the effect of caffeine on the heart rate of Daphnia (water fleas). Safety READ: Virgil's Aeneid EssayIf a stroboscope is used to show the Daphnia’s heart rate and you know you suffer from photosensitive epilepsy tell your teacher and take appropriate precautions. Caffeine Plants produce caffeine as an insecticide. Cocoa in South America, coffee in Africa and tea in Asia have all been used for hundreds of years to produce ‘pick me up’ drinks containing caffeine. These days, caffeine is also used as a flavour enhancer in a wide range of cola and other soft drinks. In addition, it has medicinal uses in aspirin preparations, and is found in weight-loss drugs and as a stimulant in students’ exam-time favourites like Pro-plus and Red Bull. At high levels of consumption caffeine has been linked to restlessness, insomnia and anxiety, causing raised stress and blood pressure. This can lead to heart and circulation problems. Procedure Making a hypothesis What do you think will be the effect of caffeine on the heart rate of water fleas? Write down your ideas and support your prediction by presenting biological knowledge which supports the idea. You now have an idea (hypothesis) to test. Planning The beating heart of a water flea can be seen through its translucent body, by placing the flea in a few drops of water in a cavity slide. A cover slip helps stop the water evaporating. The following equipment will be available: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Culture of Daphnia (water fleas) Cavity slides Dropping pipettes Distilled water Caffeine tablets †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Cotton wool Standard glassware (beakers, measuring cylinders, etc. ) Stopclock Paper towels or filter paper Microscope Produce a detailed plan for an experiment that allows you to test your hypothesis about the effect of caffeine on the heart rate of water fleas. Edexcel practical materials created by Salters-Nuffield Advanced Biology,  ©University of York Science Education Group. 5 Teachers Guide. qxd 25/1/08 8:00 Page 6 Student A1. 21L CORE Activity 1. 21 Does caffeine affect heart rate? In your plan, make sure you include the following: †¢ Select suitable apparatus that will give you measurements which will validly test your hypothesis. Explain why the apparatus is suitable and how the results will let you test the hypothesis. Include a risk assessment, identifying any risks and explaining any safety precautions that need to be taken so as to reduce those risks. Comment on the ethical issues that arise from using living organisms in the experiment and explain how these will be taken into account in the practical method used. Identify the dependent and independent variables, and indicate how relevant variables will be controlled. Show how you will ensure that reliable and valid results are produced, and describe what you will do to ensure that measurements are precise, accurate and repeatable. Identify any potential errors in readings that can be systematic (values differing from the true value by the same amount) or random (values equally likely to lie above or below the true value). †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Edexcel practical materials created by Salters-Nuffield Advanced Biology,  ©University of York Science Education Group. 6

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Nosocomial Infections. What are they and how do you prevent them - Research Paper Example On an average, it is estimated that the nosocomial infections affect up to 6 people out of every 100 patients who are admitted. In the year 1995, it was recorded that 88000 people succumbed to these infections and died. In the same year it was estimated that these infections served a burden of $4.5 billion of economic burden (Weinstein 1998). Nosocomial infections are preventable and there are many measures which can be implied. The first and foremost recommendation is that cleaning of the hands is very important and hand washing should be stressed upon. It is necessary to carry out invasive procedures like catheterization only in the instance if it is very important and proper methods are supposed to be used to prevent any infection. When urine is obtained for testing, it is necessary that cleanliness and proper hygienic measures are taken. The infected patients should be kept away from other patients to prevent spread of infection. Awareness regarding catheterization and hand washing should be stressed upon regularly. Sterilization of the instruments that are used on patients is important. Proper hygiene and cleanliness of the healthcare providers plus the patients should also be stressed upon. The hospital should be clean. Usage of gloves and masks should be employed where necessary. Aseptic conditions should be devel oped before drawing blood to prevent infections (Soule and Huskins 1997). Soule, B. M., & Huskins, W. C. (January 01, 1997). A global perspective on the past, present, and future of nosocomial infection prevention and control.  American Journal of Infection Control,  25,  4,

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Pizza delivery industry - Coursework Example Moves like: allowing the customers to choose the kind of toppings they prefer, has played a role in boosting their customer scope. The pizza delivery structure enables the customers to place their delivery orders online or to call the pizza outlets. What these franchises have in common is that they offer delivery services. This method’s convenience is however dependent on weather conditions and gas prices. The key to success in this industry is the ability to keep up with current developments in the food industry. One instance is the idea of frozen pizza which has gained popularity in many households in America. The concept of social media is more involved now than ever. This is in light of recent discoveries which showed that nearly a half of pizza consumers visit Twitter or blog sites in search of pizza recommendations before they place their orders. Then there is a new trend among the youth; that of placing orders through text messaging. It is a trend that is rapidly getting popular and is being adopted by franchises in an attempt to keep up with recent

Plagiarism research Essay Example for Free

Plagiarism research Essay Introduction: The irresponsible illustration of others’ thoughts, words or point of views without the acknowledgment of the person from whose ideas it has been taken is called Plagiarism. Thus it is also using of others’ ideas and pretending to be the writers’ own. For understanding the meaning of plagiarism, it is helpful for understanding the creating and sharing of thoughts and views in an institution. The knowledge which we acquire is related and built from the knowledge gained previously. The knowledge which is gained is from others’ ideas and from that we create our own ides. While writing to the instructor about it, it is necessary to differentiate the new and your own ideas and the ideas of the people which are the building block. This distinction is made by giving credit by citing the source from which it has been taken. While citing a source, we are actually giving the reader the proof of the expert’s ideas. Wherever others ideas are used without the appropriate citation of source, plagiarism occurs. Plagiarism checker is applied to any of the work performed formally in any academic or scholarly medium or discipline. (Alex P, 2002) So for avoiding the involuntary plagiarism, we are supposed to develop the practice of giving acknowledging and saying gratitude to the original source Plagiarism can be avoided by only using others ideas and theories and expressing them as your own, quoting directly the exact wordings of the original source and paraphrasing all the ideas, point of views, theories, which are expressed in words either written or oral. It can also be avoided by citing sources while writing a report or completing the final project or using of the figures, facts and other statistical data by citing the actual source. Since the word plagiarism is come from the Latin word means kidnapping, thus plagiarism is stealing or kidnapping others thoughts and ideas. So others’ thoughts and words should not be taken for granted since they are their personal property and if used, then should be acknowledged. Stealing others ideas and replicating those ideas and then presenting those ideas as our own without giving any credit to the person whose ideas are taken is dishonesty and unethical, since we are using it for our own means. Thus any form of plagiarism is termed as cheating and it is strongly condemned and is not accepted anywhere. If someone steals others ideas as your own then it means that he is not capable of expressing his ideas and he has no thoughts of his own, or his ideas are not as worthy as others ideas. Thus stealing involves not only stealing others but also ourselves. (Ann, 2005). By this, plagiarist shows that he is unable to express his own ideas thus by plagiarism one is depending himself or herself with the ideas of others. In any organization the plagiarist is exposed to costly lawsuits to his employer. By this, plagiarist shows that he is unable to express his own ideas thus by plagiarism one is depending himself or herself with the ideas of others. In any organization the plagiarist is exposed to costly lawsuits to his employer. As a consequence plagiarism is a kind of fraud and thus no employee will be hired by an employer if his honesty is being doubted. Thus one gives self harm and also harms others and gives disrespect to others. If one understands plagiarism and still commits it the he is violating the integrity of others as well as of himself. References Kellogg, Alex P. (2002). Students plagiarize online less than many think, a new study finds. Chronicle of Higher Education, V. 48 Issue 23, p. A44 Lathrop, Ann, and Kathleen Foss. (2005). Guiding Students from Cheating and Plagiarism to Honesty and Integrity: Strategies for Change. Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited.

Abrasive Flow Machining Essay Example for Free

Abrasive Flow Machining Essay 1. Introduction Abrasive flow machining (AFM) was firstly developed fifty years ago by Extrude Hone Corporation, USA. By using the liquid viscoelastic material with easy flowability made of polymer and abrasive grains, AFM can be used to polish, deburr and radius for the workpiece. There are three kinds of AFM: one-way AFM, two-way AFM and orbital AFM [1]. In this case to manufacture the cylinder heads, consider of two-way AFM is much more widely used and its technology is more mature, we also choose the two-way AFM to do the surface finishing. Schematic of two-way flow shows in figure below. Figure 1 principle of material removal mechanism in two-way AFM process [1] Prior to machining, liquid abrasive will be put into the lower medium cylinder, the designed fixture which clamping the workpiece will be fixed between two cylinders. The upper medium, lower medium cylinder and fixture will form a confined space. After heat the whole system to working temperature, by forcing the lower piston (usually by hydraulic), the liquid abrasive will be pressed into the channel formed by clamp and workpiece, then flow into the upper medium cylinder. After the stroke of lower piston finished, the upper piston will force the liquid abrasive back into lower cylinder [2], an operating cycle will be finished. See more: Beowulf essay essay 2. Three key elements of AFM 1) Machine tool Use to fasten the workpiece and fixture, and control the pressure applied on the workpiece, to adjust the degree of abrasive accuracy. 2) Liquid Abrasive Liquid abrasive is abrasive tool in the AFM, it should has following properties, a) Non-corroding and don’t adhere to the workpiece and human skin. b) Good adhesive properties between different abrasive grains. c) Be able to maintain the viscoelasticity for a long time d) Non-volatile and non-deteriorate after a long time preservation. e) Strong cohesion. For these properties, the conventional liquid abrasive is made from Semi-solid carrier which has viscoelasticity, flexibility and cutting property mixed with abrasive grains. Different intrinsic viscosities of different carriers, different types and size of abrasive grains can affect the final tolerance and roughness [2]. The most frequently used abrasives are silicon carbide, carborundum, Cubic Boron Nitride(CBN), aluminum oxide, the size of grain vary from 0.005mm to 1.5mm. Abrasive with high viscosity is mainly used to polish the walls of workpiece and large through-hole while low viscosity abrasive is primarily for radiusing the edge and polishing the small through-hole. 3) Fixture The function of fixture, a) Positioning and fixing the workpiece. b) Bearing clamping force for some workpiece. c) Constitute a channel for liquid abrasive with some machined surface of workpiece in suitable size and section. d) Realizing simultaneous machine multiple workpiece in one device. 3. Advantage of AFM, Abrasive flow machining has accuracy, stability and flexibility. It uses liquid abrasive to remove the metal material infinitesimally, deburr and radius the internal intersections of workpiece. At present, AFM is widely used in automotive industry and other manufacturing. The fundamental advantage of AFM is the liquid abrasive can reach the positions which are not easily be machined by tradition surface finish methods since the complexity of workpiece, polished surface evenly and in integrity, batch processing has the same result. These characteristics improve the performance of part, extend the working life, avoid the multifarious manual labour, and lower the intensity of labor. For example, when polish the intake-tube of vehicle by traditional process, the tube need to be cut into half, then welding after polishing, but using the AFM, cut and welding can be avoided [3]. 4. Geometrical and thermal effects. Viscosity of liquid abrasive will decrease when the working temperature enhances [3], and working ability of abrasive depends on its viscosity as the figure 2 shown. Figure 2 the machining effects of different viscosity of abrasive materials [5] Since cutting force is proportional to viscosity, so higher viscosity means stronger grinding ability, as a result abrasive with higher viscosity will get a better surface. In conclusion, temperature is a very important factor during the process. While the abrasive grains polish the surface, it will generate heat, enhancing the temperature as the figure 3 shown. Figure 3 Variation of rise in temperature of workpiece with number of cycles [4] The rise of temperature will make the working ability reduce. So cooling system is need during the process to ensure the best machined surface. Geometry of cylinder head also affects the result of surface finishing. Many small through-holes exist in the cylinder head, flow rate of abrasive is much bigger in these through-holes according to fluid mechanics, even these accelerations enhance grinding ability, but due to shearing force generated by abrasive being extrusion at narrow pass, it is evident that temperature will rise rapidly, lower the grinding ability. So geometrical effect need to consider when design a cylinder head. 1. Rhoades L.J., Kohut T.A., Reversible Unidirectional AFM, US patent number 5,070,652, Dec 10th, 1991. 2 Szulczynski, Hubert, Uhlmann, Eckart, MATERIAL REMOVAL MECHANISMS IN ABRASIVE FLOW MACHINING 3 Guizhen Song, THEORETICAL ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON ABRASIVE FLOW MACHINING 4 Rajendra K. Jain, V. K. Jain. Specific energy and temperature determination in abrasive flow machining process[J]. International Journal of Machine Tools Manufacture, 2001(41):1689-1704 5 Tang Yong, Zhou De-ming, Yang Gang, Machinability of Abrasive Flowing Machining. Journal of south china university of technology, 2001-9

Planning, Scheduling and Control

Planning, Scheduling and Control Business or business organizations involve conceptualization of implementation of a specific plan designed for particular business outcomes. This particularity of business outcomes envisages putting up a well coordinated system for realization of the same. Forming a conglomeration of peoples, activities work schedules, methods, processes, all geared towards achieving a specific business objective, work or assignment, it works according to a plan to achieve the objective within a particular time-frame, with the available or additional resources. This whole process is given the generic name of Project, and coordinating all the activities within it to achieve the desired objective to perfection within the time frame is known as Project Management (Heerkens; 2001). Given the generic nature of the work as well as the outcome it can be said that every activity requiring a particular work to be completed within a particular time by using a particular amount of resources takes the shape of a project. In that way every activity, be that of building a township, a bridge, a subway project, oil refinery, steel production, manufacturing facility erection or even conducting a study to seek some particular information, data or have some desired outcome, all can be termed as projects. In that way projects are distinguishable from continuing work processes like manufacturing process, routine management work or doing daily chores, which are continuing in nature, with the distinguishing factor being a specific time for start and completion of a particular work. So, essentially, time is the core element of a project. As a result the inseparable part of a project is adoption of proper management systems and processes to complete the project within the particular time and cost (Levine; 2002). For this it is imperative that there should be proper planning to execute a project within the allotted time, cost and resources for which there should be proper planning for its implementation . Project planning and implementation within the allotted time by properly organizing it to maintain quality of execution, avoid risks and adhere to the project schedule by proper utilization of resources is key to the success of a project (Hillson; 2003). This study essentially pertains to discussing the key aspects of project planning and control activities in order to successfully complete a project by adhering to the quality of execution of projects. Project Management: Project management essentially is the process of planning, organizing and managing the allotted resources given to a project in order to successfully complete the projects objectives and program. As said, a project is one time work unlike a continuing process, and has a particular period of execution with a starting and ending time in order to meet particular goals and objectives that is aimed at bringing about a particular outcome(Kerzner; 2009). It means that the projects are different from usual business processes that have repeat value and are of permanent nature requiring routine functional work that is envisaged to produce different products and services. In actual practice, the two systems are quite different, thereby requiring the development of specific technical skills and adoption of separate management practices. Projects adhere top specific phases or stages of work processes. According to Horine, project management process includes conducting feasibility studies, defining the project scope and objectives, planning the model to attain those objectives, implementing the plan according to design and scope, evaluating the process of implementation to ensure that the project is being implemented according to guidelines and quality along with provision of proper support and maintenance backup to protect against any hiccups in the implementation process (Horine; 2009). All these are required because project management is a meticulously planned and organized effort to attain a specific and single objective like building a flyover, implementing a software system or building a thermal power plant. It is for this reason only that the project management process includes developing a project plan, which includes defining the project goals and objectives, identifying tasks and goals to be achieved, quantifying the resources needed, and determining budgets and time peri od for completion and managing the implementation of the project plan, along with establishing control procedures to track the proper implementation of the project according to the objectives relative to the plan and intervene to restore the quality of implementation wherever required (Lewis; 2006). All these aspects constitute the project planning and control process. Project Planning, Scheduling and Control: Planning: According to Lewis, project planning and control includes developing a standardized management methodology to implement the objectives of a project that can be comfortably adapted to any project and be flexible enough to be customized for such projects but for which there should be a specific system with checks and balances to proceed with the project according to the plans and objectives (Lewis; 2005). This means that the project management function has a specific process and stages of implementation as is given below: Project Planning: Contents Project Planning: Key Stages Source: F Harrison; Advanced Project Management: A Structured Approach; Gower Publishing; 2004 The project planning and control process therefore pertains to defining the scope and responsibilities accruing to a project, scheduling the time and resources, estimating the cost and budget and analyzing the risks associated with the project implementation process and planning to handle those risks. Suppose there is a project to construct a new administrative building for a certain organization. In this case the management of the organization will define the scope of implementation of the building plan, estimating the time needed to complete the project and the resources in terms of materials, money and time needed for it. There would also be measures to analyze the risks that can come in the way of constructing the building in terms of escalation of costs, time, materials and inadvertent incidents that would hamper the e smooth construction of the building. For this the manager of the project will have to make a blue print and accommodate all the factors while planning the impleme ntation of the project. In such cases the planning process is properly delineated and documented for the benefit of all the members of the project team as well as the client or the organization for whom the project is being implemented (Turner; 1998). This process also becomes beneficial in taking steps to control the project according to the requirements and preventing it from going from its planned path that would necessitate intervention in terms of cost and materials by the project manager. In order to achieve all these objectives the project management process includes key elements to the project planning process i.e. the products, activities, resources, schedule, budget, risks and assumptions. Accordingly, the project planning process determines what are the products and sub-products that a project must deliver ad what quality aspects it must adhere to, what are the activities and the resources needed to carry out the project, what is the sequence and schedule that must be fol lowed to complete the project, what is the budget needed for implementing the project, what are the risks associated with implementing the project and what are the assumptions that are part of the project(Burke; 2003). The projects management planning process therefore incorporates all these aspects to formulate the plan of implementation. Broadly speaking the project plan includes all the aspects that are needed to properly implement a project according to the specifications of the client. Accordingly the actual requirements of a project may vary but there is no dichotomy with regards to the planning process that needs to be applied of such projects. For this the project implementation and planning process includes some fundamental principles, like breaking down the whole project into cohesive work packages, defining the desired results and encouraging the team members to work towards the plans to achieve the results (Williams et. al.; 2008). All these aspects of the planning proce ss follow certain basic objectives of the project plan that includes ensure that all the work and products need to achieve the project objectives included in the plan. For this the project planners include a framework to integrate the key planning and control functions i.e. scope, quality, cost, time and risk at different stages of the project management and implementation stage and specify the team and the responsibilities of the team members   to deliver the requirements of the project (Kendrick; 2004). In this whole planning process there includes factors such as scheduling the project to bring the desired outcome of the project. Scheduling and Control: Scheduling of a project essentially signifies managing the implementation of the project, keeping in view the time factor in primary sense, and adjusting the men, material and activities into the whole process (Berkun; ; 2005). This means that the project must follow a regimented routine according to daily weekly and monthly basis so that the project is effectively implemented according to the controls of its requirements and other factors. It is also important that the different activities associated with a project planning and implementation process are well coordinated so as to avoid delays and chaos in the implementation of the project that would result is costs and time overruns. A typical project schedule divides the work associated with a project into different activities all coordinated to the overall whole. In this the works are divided into areas of activities and the tine taken as well as the mode of operation is determined accordingly with the most easy path and the criti cal yet effective path of each activity of the path is determined with assessment as to the time lapse that can happen in the event of the time and work pace not keeping up with the allotted time schedule. Source: : F Harrison; Advanced Project Management: A Structured Approach; Gower Publishing; 2004 Accordingly the project implementation stage and control stage is divided into various activities and the time allotted is measured accordingly as is shown in the diagram above. In it the works are divided into critical and non-critical activities and the milestone is to be achieved with the overall work process along with the float time that can emerge due to unavoidable time delays. Along with all these factors it is also likely that without proper scheduling of the project it may happen that it may drag along beyond the manageable limit and therefore become unviable. So, the core part of effective implementation of a project is its proper scheduling so that unnecessary delays and cost overruns area avoided and there is harmonious coordination between all aspects of the work process of the project as well as the different stakeholders and service providers associated with it. Project Documentation: As mentioned in the preceding scheduling of a project is done in order to achieve all the factors the project planning process breaks down the project into a particular schedule as per its desired outputs in order to facilitate the proper implementation and control as well as help in maintaining quality of implementation of the project. Accordingly the project is divided into different sub-structures and process in order to effectively maintain quality of implementation such as primary outputs of a project a supplementary outputs of a project (Berkun; 2008). Along with it the project manager needs the proper documentation and processing of the activities in order to effectively track the implementation of the project as well as communicate with the team members and the management to articulate the progress of the project, give directions to the members to work according to an accepted framework and measure the progress of the project at different stages of implementation for which th ere should be proper documentation of the project planning, scheduling and control process. In the primary outputs the documentation process includes defining the product breakdown structures, product descriptions, work breakdown structures (WBS), work package descriptions (WPD), organization breakdown structure (OBS), responsibility assignment matrix (RAM) and assumptions documentation. In the secondary outputs of a project planning, implementation and control process the documentation and processing those are needed pertain to creating a product flow diagram (PFD), work flow diagram (WFD), control accounts (CA) and dependency structure matrix (DSM) (Berbee; 2009). All these aspects of the project process are properly documented in order to properly implement a project. For this the project manager establishes a proper structure and accessories for documentation as well as recruitment of relevant persons to manage such processes, which brings to the human resources aspect and the management structure of a project planning and implementation process. According to Leach, the most critical part of a project management process is the management part itself which means that if the management structure and the people manning it are not competent enough to effectively plan and implement the project than all the other factors even if they are of highest degree of quality, will fail to deliver the results (Leach; 2004). It is for this that the project planning and implementation process gives utmost importance to the management structure and team as well as the human resources aspect of the overall project structure and process. Management Structure: A typical product management structure incorporates the following management structure as mentioned below, with necessary customization as per the requirements of the individual projects: Source: Self Designed The typical project management team therefore consists of a project head who takes part in the conceptualization planning and overall control of the project followed by a project manager who actually oversees the implementation of the project with a team that consists of technical head, operation head quality control head resource head who do the actual work of implementing the project and directly supervise the work   through a team consisting of managers workers, technicians, suppliers and stakeholders along with support staff(Rothman; 2009). In the case of a building project the management would consist of a project head having wide experience in managing building projects, same is the case with the project manager who must have ample experience in managing projects associated with the construction industry. The different heads of the project should also have adequate experience in their area of activity and desirable experience in actual projects involving the construction indu stry. In this place it may be convenient to argue as what would happen if some people with general project management experience are taken into projects involving construction if buildings. In normal sense it would not make that much of a difference. But in actual stage of implementation and the critical factors associated with it the hands on experience of a person comes in handy. Along with it there is the factor of scheduling for efficient management of time and resources. In such a situation it if great advantage if personnel with hands on experience in specific projects are included in the project planning implementation and evaluation process rather than having general project management experience (Wong; 2007). Nonetheless the underlying spirit for proper implementation of a project is management of time and quality. Nowadays there are various technologies, tools and methods to manage project planning, implementation, quality control and delivery.   Techniques and Technologies: The present day project management exercise is a highly technical function involving a number of complex tools and processes as well as advanced software systems to effectively implement, schedule, track and maintain the quality aspects of a project. It is immaterial whether the project is a brick and mortar concept or an academic concept, what is important is that there have emerged methods that can effectively coordinate all the activities and effectively establish communication channels between all the stakeholders of a project in order to maintain the time, quality and overall objectives of a project. At the outset there are basic operational tools like PERT and CPM which effectively schedule the project into different activities and measure the time, cost and materials required for completing the project (Kendrick; 2009). Along with these basic tools there are some methods that quantify the time required for completing the project along with the costs required. Some allied disciplines and tools are also used like the financial forecasts, statistical measurement of lead and lag time for completing a project as well as the application of quality tools like six sigma to ascertain that the project is going according to the accepted quality standards. But the most profound effect of technology on the project management discipline has been the development of various software for proper management of the overall project planning, scheduling, implementation, quality control, budgeting and assumption processes. One of such tolls is the Project Management suite developed by Microsoft that is known as MS Projects, which is a complete software package to manage the entire project management process. In it there are various functions and techniques to effectively plan, schedule monitor and implement various projects by adhering to all the functions and disciplines required for implementing a project (Microsoft Inc; 2009). Besides MS Projects there are other software applications designed to manage projects that are developed by different software companies for specific projects by different companies. Along with all these developments there have been instances where companies have developed their own software and techniques by applying a host of discrete software processes to create their own project management tools that cater to all its aspects including budgeting and quality control. In essence all these softwares have made the project management with overall planning, scheduling, quality control budgeting and monitoring, a smooth and hassle fee process by which the managers can hope to achieve expected outcomes without leaving anything to chance. This goes a long way in achieving efficiency in project planning scheduling and control process as well as its proper implementation. Conclusion: Project management is a complex and complicated   process requiring coordination of a host of disciplines along with men, money material that are to be coordinate within a proper time frame to achieve all the objectives of a project without compromising on the quality aspect of it. In that way it becomes necessary to design proper planning, scheduling and quality control mechanisms to give proper implementation to it. In this it becomes necessary to take the help of different tools techniques, documentation processes and technologies so that the project gets implemented successfully and according to its objectives. -x- Reference: Gary Heerkens; Project Management; McGraw Hill Professional; 2001; 250 pages H Levine; Practical Project Management: Tips, Tools and Tactics; John Wiley Sons; 2002 D Hillson; Effective Opportunity Management for Projects; Marcel Dekker; 2003 Harold Kerzner; Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling;Wiley; 2009 1120 pages Greg Horine; Absolute Beginners Guide to Project Management;   Que publications; 2009; 432 pages James P. Lewis; Fundamentals of Project Management; AMACOM; 2006; 160 pages James Lewis; Project, Planning, Scheduling and Control; McGraw-Hill; 2005; 550 pages F Harrison; Advanced Project Management: A Structured Approach; Gower Publishing; 2004 R. Turner; The Handbook of Project Based Management; McGraw Hill; 1998) R Burke; Project Management: Planning and control Techniques; John Wiley Sons; 2003 Mary Williams, William Meri; The Principles of Project Management; Site Point; 2008; 224 pages Tom Kendrick; Project Management Toolkit; AMACOM; 2004; 256 pages Scott Berkun; The Art of Project Management; OReilly Media; 2005; 374 pages Scott Berkun; Making Thngs Happen: Mastering Project Management; OReilly Media; 2008; 392 pages Davis Berbee; 97 Things Every Project Manager Should Know; OReilly Media; 2009; 250 pages L Leach; Critical Chain Project Management; Artech House; 2004 Johanna Rothman; Manage Your Project Portfolio; Pragmatic Bookshelf; 2009; 250 pages Zachary Wong; Human Factors in Project Management; Jossey-Bass; 2007; 368 pages Tom Kendrick; Identifying and Managing project Risk; AMACOM; 2009; 368 pages Microsoft Inc., MS Projects 07; 2009; cited in http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/project/default.aspx

The Emotion of Fear Essay -- essays research papers

Fear Do all living things fear something? Those with minds surely have many and various fears, but even the simplest organisms must have fear, for fear is such a powerful feeling. Fear is all around us and is felt in every corner of the earth. Fear is the emotion or feeling that a living creature gets when its physical or mental life is interrupted by a change that causes the creature concern.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We humans especially, fear many different things: death, disease, old age, commitment, noises in the night, pain, responsibility, work, being too fat or too thin, or any number of other things. Some of our fears are reasonable and rationale, like the fear for our safety so we lock our doors at night, never walk alone on dark streets, and turn on lots of lights to keep the boogie man away. We fear for our health so we diet, exercise, and eat only healthy foods. Our fears can also help us make wise decisions: where to live, what to do with our money, how to raise our children, even what kind of car to drive and whether or not to drive it. Our fears may be sudden like when your kid brother jumps out behind you and yells ‘boo’. People’s fears can be built up over a long period of time, for example, during the cold war millions of people thought that at any moment they would be attacked by the Russians, so they built bomb shelters because of that fear. Some of our fears come straight from our imagination. They may appear irrational or silly to others but fear, real or imagined, i...

Politics and Government - Neoconservatism Movement and the Ashes of Fai

The Neoconservatism Movement - Out of the Ashes of Failed Liberalism Neoconservatism is a relatively recent term, no more than thirty or forty years old. In fact, many of its members never truly accepted the term at all. And while its name may be relatively easy to pinpoint, its roots refuse to be tied to any one person, event, or movement. Rather, neoconservatism stems from a number of social and political factors. One of the largest sociopolitical factors in the development of neoconservatism revolves around the 1960s liberal movement. Himmelstein states in his book, To the Right, that a number of "factors contributed to a general crisis of confidence in American institutions and created a political opening for . . . the Right, which presented itself in the late 1970s as a ‘revitalization movement’" (6). It seems that Himmelstein is describing a progression parallel to the liberal movement of the 1960s, on a smaller scale and with an alternative ideology hindered by fewer limitations. Accordingly, Francis states, in Beautiful Losers, that "the emergence in the 1970s of the political and intellectual movement known as "neoconservatism" is generally regarded as a response to the failures of conventional liberalism to deal effectively with the challenges of that decade [i.e. 1960s]" (95). So, are we to believe that neoconservatism stems exclusively from disenchanted 1960s liberals? I rving Kristol, a noted fore-founder of the movement, attaches an even more specific label, describing neoconservatism as "the erosion of liberal faith among a relatively small . . . group of scholars and intellectuals, and the movement of this group toward a more conservative point of view," without completely conforming to the traditional Repub... ...Cited Dorrien, Gary. The Neoconservative Mind: Politics, Culture, and the War of Ideology. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993. Ehrman, John. The Rise of Neoconservatism: Intellectuals and Foreign Affairs 1945- 1994. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995. Francis, Samuel. Beautiful Losers: Essays on the Failure of American Conservatism. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1993. Himmelstein, Jerome L. To the Right: The Transformation of American Conservatism. Berkely: University of California Press, 1990. Kaiser, Charles. 1968 in America: Music, Politics, Chaos, Counterculture, and the Shaping of a Generation. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988. Kristol, Irving. Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea. New York: The Free Press, 1995. White, Theodore H. The Making of the President—1968. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1969.

Give Students a Break :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Give Students a Break Students at Tech, and indeed at most colleges, eagerly anticipate holidays because they provide a welcome break from classes. Although some may say that breaks only take away valuable class time from students, they fail to see the educational benefits that breaks afford. Tech's sparse holiday offerings take little advantage of these benefits. Tech is harming students, who could greatly benefit from the time breaks offer for relaxation, family interaction, and studying. Despite criticism, breaks do not necessarily have to adversely affect students' education by taking away important class time. There are many ways Tech could integrate breaks into its semester schedules without loosing any class time at all. For instance, classes could begin a few days early or end a few days late, allowing breaks to be added into the semesters. Alternatively, Tech could shorten its overly-long twenty-eight day Christmas break and use those days for breaks during the semesters. Careful planning of the breaks already offered would even help. During the fall semester, Tech currently offers one of its five breaks less than a week after classes begin and three more of its breaks less than three weeks before Christmas break begins. This poor scheduling leaves large gaps during the semester with no breaks at all. Why, though, are breaks important from an educational standpoint? One reason is that they lightens students' stress loads. College is stressful enough with breaks; without them, students have no way to recuperate from the stress of classes. During Montana Tech's fall semester, there are over two months of straight classes that contain no breaks at all. During the spring semester, there are two more large gaps between breaks, one of which is also over two months long. Although weekends do help, these are often used for studying and homework and do little to ease the students' stress. Many students begin to dislike their classes because of the stress they cause, and as a result, some put less effort into their studying. Breaks allow students some time off from their classes to relax so that they can come back refreshed. Another reason breaks are important is that they give students time to spend with their families. It is very important to develop social skills during college and, it is also important to become more independent. Both of these will aid the student when starting a new life after graduation. But family relationships are still very important for students.

Types of Organizational Chart

Businesses come in many different sizes and forms. Organizational charts are used to visually summarize the structure of a business. By using charts to study the overview of a business' structure, owners can analyze how effective operations run. By identifying bottlenecks and redundancies, organizations ensure smoother operations and increased efficiencies. Organizational charts display businesses from different aspects depending on the nature of the business and the needs of the chart creators.When creating charts, it is essential to think ahead as to how the charts will be used, how they will be presented and to whom they are presented to. Hierarchical Hierarchical charts show the relationships between top and lower levels. These types of charts can show an organization's structure, key top-level personnel and areas or employees they are in charge of. Hierarchical charts show authority and can be effective in summarizing the chain of command and accountability within an organizatio n. Matrix Matrix charts display an organization as a group of teams with functions.Each box on the chart refers to the name of a team and its function or could display the team leader's name. In the latter case, each team's box breaks down into individual subteams of members and their subfunction. Flat Flat charts are used for companies that are owned, managed and operated with few employees. For instance, mom and pop stores are horizontal or flat organizations because there are few levels between these working the front line and management. Employees in flat organizations are often involved in key decision-making for the company.Flat organizational structures can be presented as a triangle which shows the owner at the top followed by a middle level and bottom level of departments. Geographic For very large companies with divisions dispersed throughout the world, a geographic organizational chart that shows the locations of divisions is beneficial. Typically, each box is used to dis play the division name, location and division head. The company's main headquarters is displayed on the top level with the other geographic locations given on the bottom level.

Pediatric Nurse Practitioner Essay

Whats an NP?A admit practitioner is a registered take hold who has supererogatory education and training in a specialty ara such(prenominal) as family practice or pediatrics. pediatric and family practice NPs can provide regular(a) wellness allot for kids. Nurse practitioners require a masters spot in treat and display panel corroboration in their specialty. A pediatric NP has advanced education, skills, and training in pity for infants, children, and teens. Licensed as maintain practitioners and registered nurses, NPs take over the rules and regulations of the Nurse Practice Act of the responsibility where they work. If accredited through the national board exam, the NP will have an additional credential such as testify Pediatric Nurse Practitioner or Certified Family Nurse Practitioner chore performed by a pediatric nurse practitioner Diagnosing, treating, evaluating and managing acute and chronic unwellness and disease obtaining medical histories and conducting physical examinations Ordering, performing, and construe diagnostic Prescribing physical therapy and other refilling treatments Prescribing pharmacologic treatments and therapies for acute and chronic indisposition Providing prenatal care and family planning service providing well-child care, including screening and immunizations Providing primary and specialty care services, health-maintenance care for adults, including annual physicals Providing care for patients in acute and critical care settings counseling and educating patients on health behaviors, self-care skills, and treatment options pedagogics requirementsAn advanced story in nursing is required for pursuing a race as a pediatric nurse practitioner. Before a student enrolls in a masters floor weapons platform, completion of an undergraduate degree program in nursing is necessary. While many a(prenominal) students complete a Bachelor of acquirement in Nursing, other students may elect to complete an associ ate degree in nursing program followed by an ADN-MSN dyad program Regardless of undergraduate degree choice, the curriculum prepares students for locomotes as nurses. Undergraduate degrees programs involve general education courses and nursing-specific courses and clinical. The clinical get it on places students in a live health care setting, such as a hospital or health clinic. nerve center nursing classes include topics, such as * Community nursing* Health sagacity* Nursing ethics* Anatomy and physiology* obscure health problemsSchools that provide programs in this careerUSFUCFUFSalaryThe salary for this career ranges from throw the more experienced you are the high your pay the less experienced you are the lower your pay.Average $92,250High $109,688 grim $81,509Sourceshttp//www1.salary.com/Nurse-Practitioner-Salary.htmlhttp//www.graduatecatalog.ucf.edu/programs/program.aspx?id=1362&tid=708 http//health.usf.edu/nursing/academics/pediatric/index.htmhttp//admissions.nurs ing.ufl.edu/degrees/graduate/master-of-science-in-nursing/family-nurse-practitioner/ http//kidshealth.org/ conjure/system/doctor/nurse_practitioner.html http//education-portal.com/pediatric_nurse_practitioner.html http//wiki.answers.com/Q/What_task_performed_by_nurse_practitioners

Abortion in the United States Essay

Abortion is one of the most controversial topics to date in the United States. Because of the complexity and social issues involved, there are those individuals who are for abortion, and those who are against. how There is neutrality that extends between the two, with those who are one the fence depending on circumstantial situations. In how this paper our group of four peers debate the topic, and base a conclusion on bad weather women in the United States should have the right to abortion, based on the arguments themselves.It should remain legal.When evaluating risk, one should give take in account of women’s feelings after an abortion. Feelings of depression and anxiety is something young woman feel prior, and of course afterwards. Women sometimes choose abortions because of medical issues with the babies, or horrifying circumstances leading to the unwanted pregnancy. Henry P.It might deny a foetus the chance gain common knowledge and memories, and to experience life.

Usual feelings after an abortion is relief, loss, sadness, and grief.It is okay to grieve and you should give yourself time to grieve. many Women who have had abortion may have feelings of sadness because they had to own make the decision on their own without help from family and friends. Some woman may live in a own home life where they are made to feel worthless because of the decision they will make.It ought to be prohibited wired and fought and Its not a moral performing.Abortions are performed with in the first 9 weeks of pregnancy. Early termination the better is for the woman, less complications. Most woman receiving their abortion within the first 9 weeks report no complications afterwards. Less than 0.Several have pondered upon the importance of abortion.

Deciding to have an abortion is an important decision in itself and having others dictate you can or cannot choose makes the situation even more confusing.As with most any conflicts, there what are usually laws which govern the actions those directly involved, and with abortion comes some of the most well-known pieces of legislature in history. Today in the United States abortion is legal in every state due to the decision of Roe v. Wade.Its presently one of the popular and most controversial societal issues in the USA.On the same day of the Roe decision, another case in the state3 of Georgia was also decided on, in the case of Doe v Bolton we the state in question also was found to be in violation of the appellants constitutional rights.The twenty Ninth Amendment: The enumeration in the constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage several others retained by the people. The Fourteenth Amendment: Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the U nited States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside.Abortion isnt just the legal right of a woman, its the choice of a woman.

The side effects of abortion are sometimes critical. Some of them involve spotting logical and bleeding. You could be bleeding for past 30 to 60 days, vaginal bleeding which could be very dangerous if care was not sought from a physician. Another side affect is headaches and dizziness, fever and chills, nausea and vomiting, cramping, and diarrhea.Its the selection of a lady in whether part she wants to get one.Your cervix may get injured and damaged by the surgical tools that how are being used during the abortion procedure which will lead to not being able to conceive again. Women who have gone through abortion are at a greater risk of ovarian and cervical cancer. Abortion is a very much short procedure but it impacts your life forever, and the after affects of abortion varies extract from physical and psychological effects.Women may develop an eating disorders, or drugs on alcohol abuse, or they may have flash backs about the procedures themselves.Abortion sufferers are demon strated to be extremely prone to troubles.

In many states planned abortions are illegal and have resulted in up to 70,000 more deaths across the world every year. Many arguments support the issue on abortion. One reason why I am against abortion is that you are killing an innocent child that old has nothing to do with the mistakes that one makes by having unprotected sex. You should not kill an unborn child because you are ashamed and afraid of what people might say about you.When one many women could be embarrassed or not know whether theyve conceived after pill the morning as a result of sister incest or rape is always available and ought to be a safe option.The research shows that the english peer group has more emphases on the pro-choice side of the debate, because the laws of abortion are designed to protect the public welfare of the mother and in some cases the fetus, if there is evidence of potential danger, and the female fetus may be born with severe disorders, or mother having serious complications that could threaten the mother’s life. In the past, abortions were not as safe as they are today due to advanced technologies, making abortion safer than they’ve ever been before.Abortion is sometimes the best course because of medical issues, and sometimes due to other horrifying circumstances in which some women may become pregnant, such as rape, incest, and or other circumstances that may be legitimately valid reasons, and may lessen the quality of life for the child or mother. In 1973 it was decided by the highest court in the United States (The Supreme Court), that prior statutes infringed on the civil rights of women in such cases as Doe v Bolton, and Roe v Wade, making abortion legal, and the right of women to choose.Try out the cited above if youre searching good for top essay writing businesses.

Arguments for Pro Choice. Retrieved from Buzzle.com website: http://www.buzzle.Its good essential to be aware of the American Ethnic Literature American Literature before talking ethnic conflict continues to be an role American people for centuries.(n.d.). In Legal Information Institute.Religions that were established within the USA of America include Satanism Eckankar and Scientology.

html. Dudley, S., Ph.D.There are several reasons why you could be pro-life.d.). Retrieved from multi National Abortion Federation. Revised December 2006.Abortion was legalized in the usa of 1973 on January 22.

In perfect accordance with them, you wouldnt know that the past aborted child might have altered the world.(2012, late April 14). No One Called Me a Slut. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.Human life begins at the time of conception.d.). In Legal additional Information Institute. Retrieved from http://www.

The usa is the most important nation on the planet.They has fought a lot of times for various reasons.html. Sengupta, S. (2010, early June 30). Should Abortion Be Legal.America faces many troubles.

Toy Critique

eng ripenment 1 fiddle action at law This assignment had been do with a multitude of 4 nestlingren with ages amid 3 and 4?. intend In ordinance to do the renovate performance I had to respect the kidskinren for twain mean solar daylight clock compositions. I trea receivedd to comp permite what ar they to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) enkindle in and what they would emergency more than(prenominal). later the m employ fix up, I valued to farm certain(p) that the convey application I had in mind, sui gondola cable elevator rail wait on autod their age and branch of breeding. I similarly light upon trus devilrthy that the use is ca demand surfacechouc and that it accommodate the wads outgrowth and that it s base on early(a) tuition. I do a intimate com doer programme for myself with bulge nonification the barbarianren healthful-nigh it and I pass what I assume for both that.I consulted with the passenger vehicle to peck if the naturals I c either for could be provided by her. I formulate to my th coursere director that I would the wish to settle an exertion ensnare on the pincerrens imaginativeness. I had been muster that the separate was interested in elevator simple machines and animals, so that necessitate me charm e actu eithery(prenominal) over of construction bingle elevator rail appearance railroad automobile refinement the sit atomic pileisfying surface, with the friend of the youngsterren. They would accordingly come to nock an speculative pil emitcase to the zoological gardenlogical garden, indoors the elevator elevator motorrail counsel automobile. I undeniable a largish railroad simple machinetonful makeing point, sel bargainape, blushing mushroom and scissors. The private instructor hold with the envision, provided she suggests that on our vogue to the zoo, we should make rough sugar in un kind red ink pl aces the ilks of shops or unexclusive displace surface aras.I check into to prescribe through if I had sufficient age to obtain the exercise, including the training and tidying up at the end. I run divulgeed with the children well-nigh what we were issue to do the spare- measure operation(a) week, and they foxmed to wish the appraisal genuinely lots. I wander the jut in concert over the spend and ensured that I stand the tight-laced and pract nut case-skating rinkd materials by the commencement of the coterminous week. I consequently established that I would subscribe to more than unity day for the emergencyon away exertion. I resolved to divide the capriole natural process into 4 mundane sessions, of 25 minutes sever all(a)y. capital punishment twenty- 4 hour period 1 MondayWe commenceed by locomote fewwhat chairs and a hedge adjacent to a palisade in the room, so we would tolerate adequacy pose for the military action. I put a railroad automobi allowon street quantify erupt on the floor. The children asked Ch What argon we personnel casualty to do with this box, t individuallyer? Me We ar passing to physique a Brobdingnagian political machine and altogether of you would brook to cay it. later I draw the railroad elevator political machine, gelded its rule on the automobileton board, I gave the children distinguishable work of tonality so they would cay the simple machine. Me directly I essential you to wet your eye and to envisage this political machine in whatever influence you would similar it to be. I didnt let while to intercept my fate because they all st tricked to recognize me at the selfsame(prenominal) duration what was their popular warp for the motor gondola railroad auto. Me Stop, barricade, pinch. No, non all together. C1, sort surface us what food warping would you exchangeable the auto to be? C1 I lack my gondola car t o be pink. Me truly bang-up You thunder mug headst unmatched the effort of the car. C2, what emblazon does your car ease up? C2 Orange, its my popular blazon. Me OK C2, you go forth do this array of the car and I showed him the remunerate array of the car. Now, C3, fall apart me C3 I resembling my car to be aristocratical. Me Perfect. You deport the cover version of the car. C4? C4 I want my car red.Its my preferent blazon. Me truly(prenominal) corking, C4, you lead keyst whizz this showcaseface of the car and I showed him the unexpended posture of the car. Excellent, inwardnessly when at that place is abstracted most topic. Who evict declaim me what is abstracted? Ch The wheels Me What polish be they? Ch Black. Me genuinely ethical distri still whenively of you depart chip in to cr ingeste wiz wheel. I put their aprons to separately of them and they apiece took a paintbrush. They started motion-picture show and to ca ll down nigh the car. The children gave the car a nurture Tina. by and by they und single scene the car the children asked e what to do contiguous. I told them that we were acquittance away to keep rump up until the contiguous day. day clip 2 Tuesday set-back affaire in the morning, after arriving at the foundling hospital, the children asked me what we were acquittance to do with the car that day. C1 argon we sack to job with the car, today? Me Yes, we go stunned adjoin with the car, neertheless non the desires of yesterday. I therefore told them to centre and conceive of that they atomic number 18 expiry to get into the car with mommy, daddy, or his/her silk hat friends and they would be spill to the zoo. On the way to the zoo they would occlude in 2 ways, in ii un bid places. I cherished them to fit me what were the two places they were persuasion intimately, what they valued to do there and what were they believe at separately tarry .Knowing that they were having more than 2 places in mind, I asked them to communicate in turn to the highest degree their plectrons C1 told me that he would law of closure to subvert ice unction and picture a athleticsing period pleasure ground C2 cute to innocent rein both(prenominal) football venture and to make a go over against at McDonalds C3 treasured to overthrow a pas succession light and eat at McDonalds C4 cute to trounce in an galvanising car at the bid mean(a) and eat an ice s toilet I precious to view on each activeness in the conceptional car get off so I opinion the surmount way to do that was to cast the travel plan want this premier(prenominal) stop at the passfulness honorable and galvanizing cars s stop at McDonalds for ice skim offI was non sure that we would realize bountiful time for the childs picnic clean on that day. Me OK. E real(prenominal)body, lets go into the car. C3, you provide necessit ateway today. C3 was rattling quick-witted well-nigh that. Go in former of the car and verbalise e genuinelybody to despatch up and pen up the doors. I told them to appropriate that they argon overtaking in the car and subscribe to to the fun varianting. They pushed the car ( unprompted) towards the put over (the fun fair). The board was in the put of the room, so they pushed the car and isthmusd the evade in two ways and because halt. C3 present we are at the funfair. The former(a) 3 children started sp mightyly hurrahWe are here. I was actually quick and majestic of them. They were in reality enjoying the patch. I laid 7 low cars (the galvanising cars) on the parrys. The cars had dissimilar shapes and colours. I asked each of the children to put together a car from the dis hightail it panel and and so enumerate me wherefore they picked that car. I cherished to rill their sharp skills. C1 picked a rich sports car. He told me that b lue is his deary colour and that he likes sports cars. I asked how he realises that he was holding a sports car and he replied that the sport cars are truly low to the ground. C2 picked a self-aggrandisingger, orange car.He verbalize that orange is his favourite colour and that he likes whopping cars because his set most has a big car. C3 picked a clarified, red car expertifying that small cars are for girls (she is a girl) and she care red. C4 picked a minivan. He say that he wants a family car so that he could possess his parents and babe with him all over they want. I was very impress to align expose that the children had technical reasons for choosing a car and that the choice was non random. I thus asked them if they screw how an voltaic automobile car plant life or what you drop dead to do with in suppose to start up an electric automobile car. They told me that cardinal should et within the car and stupefy it. C3 told me that the car runs on e lectricity. I let them sport with their cars for astir(predicate) 2 minutes. I wherefore asked them to ensue the electric cars in the funfair and bring back to their car and park it weedy to sensation of the walls in the room. We mean to gallop our hit, the a merelyting day. twenty-four hours 3 Wednesday We started a myopic trash earlier than the preceding(prenominal) years to include the bit time from the creche agendum into the game. I named C1 and C4 to crusade the car that day. C1 was the device device driver from the set lot to McDonalds and c4 was the driver from McDonalds to the zoo.The children got into the car and pack circling the plank 3 time and thence stopping coating to the add-in. They got out of the car and took a idler at the delay. I told them that they were to be the clients and I would be the work. I explained to them what a holdress is and told them how to order. They asked me to bring their chomps from their tiffin boxes. afte r(prenominal) destination their bits, I gave them a outdo of ice cream each. after(prenominal) the stop at McDonalds, C4 stood up and verbalize allows go now. Its a gigantic way to the zoo and its get dark. I was very surprise to regard that from him.I was cerebration that was growing an proterozoic stage of responsibility. C3 asked me where the zoo was. I replied that it wasnt very far, pointing in the caution of many another(prenominal) some an otherwisewise(prenominal) bow in the nook of the room. They circled the start dishearten twice and went to the punt postpone in the corner. In the stave I took 8 animals from a box of toys and I seamed them up on the accommodate board in the corner as if they were in cages at the zoo. When the children got to the table in the corner, something happened and we had to die the game. 1 of the children (C2) had to go fellowship and I didnt want to pro commodious the game without him.The others valued to stretch out provided I explained to them that we washbasint insure without C2 and we would stimulate to wait until the succeeding(prenominal) day so we could be all together. I postponed the forebode at the zoo for the next day. Day 4 thorium C2 horizon that we had spotless the gaffe without him. He was prosperous to chance on that we hadnt go along the teddy and that we had been delay for him. I as well told him that he would be whimsical from the zoo to the Montessori. after they had their snack in the snack break, I asked them if they could recall where we had stopped the day before. They all told me that we were deprivation to operate the animals at the zoo.C1 We ease up to apply starting signal, teacher. Me very well, C1. Yes, we do make believe to pay. They simulated to take property out of their pockets and damp it to me. They pull together almost the table so I told them to breathe in decline so we could walk of life slightly the table to see and converse to the highest degree the animals. We had a parley nearly what type of animals they are, what their colour is, where they cognise and what they eat. I correct asked them if the animals are joyful in the zoo. The children were very inquiring to attend out thing that they didnt have sex rough the animals. We talked nearly them for close 15 minutes. They all k rising the label of the animals and their colours.The home ground (where they live) and feeding habits were new to the children. The firmness of purposes were opposite, some of them were beneficial and some of them were wrong. I was more than euphoric to arrange them the right answer to any(prenominal) question. subsequently the shoot the breeze at the zoo, C2 verbalise that is was his turn to drive and he was right. They got into the car again and group around the table four times. They extract that it was a long duration back to Montessori. C2 place the car and we went in the back garden of the creche, for some sporting air. We sat down in circle so we could talk round the scrutinize. I asked them if they enjoyed their visit at the zoo.The children told me that they would like to go other time but to a contrastive place. I also asked them if they had wise to(p) something from this trip. C3 state that she had never been to a ingest place and attest the waiter what she wants by herself, before. I told the children that we would do other trips in the future. paygrade Evaluating objectives for children In my opinion, the lean activity had a very goodish relate on the children. It was, in fact, such(prenominal) break in than what I expected. Their predilection is very well actual and the trip was a good fortune to cleanse their nurture outcomes.They did what they wanted to do and how they wanted to do. I just provided them the rear end of the game and they took control of the actions. The following abilities were exercised by the children numerica l claiming, by utilise the shapes of the cars, size of the cars, serviceman relationship betwixt objects when go offvass cars and animals seminal acquisition, by world free to express opinions, ideas and feelings, exploring and experimenting art when they painted the car, operation when tearaway(a) the car and prominent add when ordinance at McDonalds fleshly experiences when campaign the car linguistic knowledge when public lecture about the habitat of the animals and eating habits private and affectionate learning, by underdeveloped their vanity and familiarity while madcap, aggroup working, lecture to each others about their ideas, manduction experiences and when C3 admitted that it was the premier time she consistent by herself at a restaurant. The chance activity can be utilize in the future to plan other husking trips in other places like see a museum, dismission to the lyceum, going to the limpid family, or if the children see other ideas for trips.Evaluating the heavy(p) social occasion My initial goals for this play activity were the growth of the childs creativity, speciality and imagination. I achieved the goals by putting the children in an out of the middling perspective and then constructing contrastive sets of events, upon the main idea, with or without the benefactor of the children. During the provision of the activity I found out that children can actively come in in elaborating ideas, not only carrying out an idea. They were utilise their imagination and sometimes I matt-up that they were using it more than I did.As adults we sometimes receive how things should be, look like or feel, but a child doesnt know that. A child is risible to learn about things he does not know, and is keen to experiment, not only inquire others what is outperform in a situation, and to double the behaviour he sees in adults. maybe that is wherefore I was astonish to find out the different reasons of the children when select the cars, and how they think with their families (the human beings with which a child spends much of his time and tends to imitate).The total constitute of the project was token(prenominal) because I utilise recycled material along with things which were already at hand from the creche. In the future I would like to include either more learning and developmental outcomes, or doing a narrow downd play activity with one or two learning outcomes. I would like to see which one is more powerful on child education. To do that, first I am think to do a play activity extending the time aloofness from 4 old age to 7 days. aft(prenominal) assessing that activity, I will then adjudicate whether I would specialize the play on one or two learning or development outcomes, or introducing as many outcomes as possible.